[{"content":"Hi I’m the creator of these posts. If you want to know some about me read this short bio.\nMy real name is Floriane REMY. I’m a French doctor (PhD) in biological anthropology, specializing in the study of craniofacial growth and its relationship with orofacial function (sucking/swallowing, chewing, and breathing).\nI have defended my thesis in 2020 and I am currently working as a postdoctoral researcher at the Catholic University of Louvain, in Brussels (Belgium).\nEven though I would be please to tell me more about my own researches, the purpose of this website is to showcase the studies performed by other scholars coming from diverse scientific disciplines to a wider audience, through accessible science communication. Please, learn, enjoy and share!\n","description":"\u003cstrong\u003eOwlyFlow\u003c/strong\u003e is the author of these posts, visit the \u003cem\u003eAbout page\u003c/em\u003e.","tags":null,"title":"About Me","uri":"/about/"},{"content":"","description":"","tags":null,"title":"All previous posts","uri":"/portfolio/"},{"content":"","description":"Descrizione da rivedere se è un doppione subtitle","tags":null,"title":"Search","uri":"/search/"},{"content":"Let me explain the goal of What’s Up Research!?. The objective of this blog is to highlight recently published research studies from various disciplines by presenting them in an accessible, easy-to-understand format, thereby increasing their visibility among a wider audience.\nOn a regular basis, I will search the PubMed (MEDLINE) database, limiting the search to recent (last week) publications, and select one of the identified studies to be decrypted and presented to you.\nEach article decryption will be posted in the following format:\na summarized (and hopefully somewhat fancy) title a homemade illustration (don’t judge my artistic skills too harshly :p) a screenshot of the title page of the article, including the journal name and authors’ names and affiliations a simplified presentation of the study’s objectives, methods and main results the full reference of the decrypted paper, along with the associated DOI link so you can easily find it and read it yourself to learn more about the complete study a list of potentially relevant references cited in the post Please feel free to leave a comment or contact me directly through the dedicated page: as I am a beginner, I would be very grateful for any advice or feedback!\nThanks, and enjoy!! :D\n","description":"","tags":["science","discovery","communication"],"title":"Welcome","uri":"/welcome/"},{"content":"Let’s talk about: how neuroimaging can help investigate how the brain encodes emotions\nResearch question and objectives It is already known that processing emotions involves multiple interconnected regions of the brain 🧠, working together as different networks. More specifically, Riedel et al. 2018 identified five distinct networks engaged in this emotional processing:\nThe first two networks are mainly involved in seeing and hearing the information. They are located in the occipital and superior temporal cortices, respectively; The third network, called the salience network, helps us notice and pay attention to information that is particularly important or emotionally meaningful. It involves the activation of the insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; The fourth network includes areas of what is called the default mode network, such as the medial prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortices. It helps us interprete the meaning of an emotional situation and anticipate what might happen next; The fifth network involves contributions from the amygdala, parahippocampal gyri and fusiform gyri, and contributes to producing emotional responses that are appropriate to the situation. However, what is still unclear is whether the nature of the emotional information received by the brain influences the spatial distribution and/or temporal dynamics of these networks (that is where and when these networks become active)?\nThese questions were addressed in the present experimental study which involved the observation of brain activity while participants watched emotionally relevant movie clips.\nA brief presentation of the methodology 22 healthy adults participated in this experimental study. They were requested to watch specific 12.5-seconds-long clips from the movie Forrest Gump 📺 (quite an emotional movie indeed!) while undergoing functional MRI (fMRI). This technique is specifically designed to measure brain activity by tracking changes in blood flow in different of the brain 🧠.\nThe advantage of using short clips instead of lengthy segments lasting several minutes is that the longer the sequence, the more numerous the cognitive and emotional events that can occur, making it more difficult to determine exactly when and how the brain’s emotional responses change over time. By using short, carefully selected clips, the researchers could study these changes in greater detail. Moreover, the study investigated emotional processing from the onset of the emotional stimulus to after its conclusion, in order to better understand how the brain continue to process and regulate the emotion once the emotional stimulus has disappeared.\nParticipants watched a total of 15 clips, each selected to evoke a specific emotion: happiness 😄, fear 😨 or sadness 😭. After each clip, they had 2.5 seconds to select one of two emotion-related words presented on the screen, using hand-held controllers. Finally, a 10-seconds blank screen was presented before the next clip.\nI will spare you the details regarding the fMRI acquisition parameters, preprocessing, signal extraction and data analysis, but please feel free to read the full text if you are interested! (see the complete reference here below)\nResults: the spatiotemporal signatures of the emotional brain Interestingly, the researchers identified four networks (well, in reality six but the other 2 were interpreted as noise), each with a specific spatial distribution and temporal profile, so they could be associated with different stages of emotional processing:\nThe first two networks (called IC0 and IC1) were activated as soon as the movie clip started and remained active throughout the 12.5-second sequence. These networks involved activity in the visual and auditive areas of the brain (i.e. the lateral occipital and pericalcarine gyri), with IC1 also involving the superior temporal gyrus, amygdala, and medial posterior cingulate regions. More specifically, the brain activity identified within IC1 aligned with aspects of Networks 1, 2 and 5 described by Riedel et al. 2018 which are associated with the visual and auditory perception of emotional stimuli, and with the evaluation of the nature of these stimuli. Regarding the IC0 network, increased co-activity was observed in lateral frontal and middle temporal areas, which are typically associated with semantic processing (Huth et al. 2016, Visser et al. 2012). It also involved regions associated with salience network, such as the insula and the anterior cingulate cortex (Seeley, 2019). Moreover, these brain activities showed time-to-peak values that lagged ~2 seconds behind those of IC1, leading the authors to conclude that this network was involved in the processing of the meaning associated with the incoming information.\n→ 🧠 The first two networks help the brain perceives the emotional information, and then making sense of what it means and to react adequately the third network (IC2) was associated with the next step of the experiment, that is making a decision about the emotional stimulus: processing the emotional words displayed on the screen (with activities located in the cortical and subcortical regions); selecting the most relevant emotion-related word (with stronger signals detected in the caudate nucleus region); and finally, the motor response of pressing the corresponding controller button (with activity in primary motor regions such as the precentral gyrus, as well as in regions involved in task-related attention such as the insula and the anterior cingulate cortex) (Grahn et al. 2008, Seeley 2019).\n→ 🧠 The third network was associated with the task of deciding which emotion best matched the stimuli the brain had just perceived the fourth pattern of brain activities identified (IC4) was consistent with the default mode network, which is particularly active when a person is at rest or engaged in mind-wandering. This network was active throughout the behavioral experiment, but showed a peak during the intertial rest period (Riedel et al. 2018, Buckner et al. 2008, Gross, 2015).\n→ 🧠 The fourth network illustrates the moment the brain is not focused on a specific external task In other words, what the study showed is that the brain activity seemed to follow a sequence: perceiving the emotion → understanding its meaning → making an appropriate decision → resting\nIt should also be noted that there was greater agreement among participants when the emotional stimulus was sadness, as well as faster decision-making. Could this mean that sadness is processed particularly quickly? Maybe—but we should be cautious about this interpretation. Indeed, we could hypothesize that this result was partly related to the strong sad component of the movie selected for the experimental study, Forrest Gump 🤧. Moreover, as pointed out by the authors themselves, previous studies have also reported fast processing of fearful stimuli (Méndez-Bértolo et al. 2016, Bo et al. 2022, Grootswagers et al. 2020). Thus, further research would be needed to determine whether this finding is specific to sadness or related to the particular experimental stimuli.\n🧩 Putting everything together Finally, thanks to fMRI recordings performed while participants viewed short movie clips from Forrest Gump, the authors were able to identify and track the time course of four independent brain networks, associated with different stages of emotional processing: from the perception of the emotional stimulus, to the interpretation of its meaning, followed by the translation of this processing into a decision through the relevant emotional word, and finally to the period of rest following the response.\nThese new insights into emotional processing, and especially its temporal component, are not only interesting from a basic neuroscience perspective, but could also help the future clinical research on emotional disorders: many of them are associated with difficulties in regulating emotions over time, that is disturbances in the temporal regulation of emotion (Kuppens \u0026 Verduyn 2017, Waugh et al. 2015).\nRead the article: Niels Janssen, Uriel KA Elvira, Joost Janssen, Theo GM van Erp (2026) Dynamic fMRI networks of human emotion eLife 14:RP106070 (https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.106070.3).\nCited references:\nBuckner RL, Andrews- Hanna JR, Schacter DL. 2008. The brain’s default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1124:1–38 (https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1440.011) Grahn JA, Parkinson JA, Owen AM. 2008. The cognitive functions of the caudate nucleus. Progress in Neurobiology 86:141–155 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.004) Gross JJ. 2015. The extended process model of emotion regulation: elaborations, applications, and future directions. Psychological Inquiry 26:130–137 (https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2015.989751) Huth AG, de Heer WA, Griffiths TL, Theunissen FE, Gallant JL. 2016. Natural speech reveals the semantic maps that tile human cerebral cortex. Nature 532:453–458 (https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17637) Kuppens P, Verduyn P. 2017. Emotion dynamics. Current Opinion in Psychology 17:22–26 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.06.004) Riedel MC, Yanes JA, Ray KL, Eickhoff SB, Fox PT, Sutherland MT, Laird AR. 2018. Dissociable meta-analytic brain networks contribute to coordinated emotional processing. Human Brain Mapping 39:2514–2531 (https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24018) Seeley WW. 2019. The salience network: a neural system for perceiving and responding to homeostatic demands. The Journal of Neuroscience 39:9878–9882 (https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1138-17.2019) Visser M, Jefferies E, Embleton KV, Lambon Ralph MA. 2012. Both the middle temporal gyrus and the ventral anterior temporal area are crucial for multimodal semantic processing: distortion-corrected fMRI evidence for a double gradient of information convergence in the temporal lobes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24:1766–1778 (https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00244) Waugh CE, Shing EZ, Avery BM. 2015. Temporal dynamics of emotional processing in the brain. Emotion Review 7:323–329 (https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073915590615) ","description":"","tags":["brain","fMRI","neurosciences","emotions"],"title":"The emotional brain","uri":"/the-emotional-brain/"},{"content":"","description":"","tags":null,"title":"Categories","uri":"/categories/"},{"content":"","description":"","tags":null,"title":"Communication","uri":"/tags/communication/"},{"content":"","description":"","tags":null,"title":"Discovery","uri":"/tags/discovery/"},{"content":"","description":"","tags":null,"title":"Posts","uri":"/posts/"},{"content":"","description":"","tags":null,"title":"Science","uri":"/tags/science/"},{"content":"","description":"","tags":null,"title":"Tags","uri":"/tags/"},{"content":"","description":"","tags":null,"title":"What's Up Research?!","uri":"/"},{"content":"","description":"","tags":null,"title":"WhatsUpResearch","uri":"/categories/whatsupresearch/"},{"content":"Thank you for your interest! If you’ve read this far, thank you very much! Why you do not write me now for more information, or simply to get in touch with me? ^^\n","description":"","tags":null,"title":"Contact","uri":"/contact/"},{"content":"","description":"","tags":null,"title":"Article Decryption","uri":"/categories/article-decryption/"},{"content":"","description":"","tags":null,"title":"Brain","uri":"/tags/brain/"},{"content":"","description":"","tags":null,"title":"Emotions","uri":"/tags/emotions/"},{"content":"","description":"","tags":null,"title":"FMRI","uri":"/tags/fmri/"},{"content":"","description":"","tags":null,"title":"Neurosciences","uri":"/tags/neurosciences/"},{"content":"","description":"","tags":null,"title":"Policy","uri":"/tags/policy/"},{"content":"Privacy Policy Example Arberia Theme for Hugo (“us”, “we”, or “our”) operates the https://arberiatheme.netlify.app/ website (the “Service”).\nThis page informs you of our policies regarding the collection, use, and disclosure of personal data when you use our Service and the choices you have associated with that data.\nWe use your data to provide and improve the Service. By using the Service, you agree to the collection and use of information in accordance with this policy.\nTable of Contents Definitions\nInformation Collection And Use Types of Data Collected Use of Data Legal Basis for Processing Personal Data Under General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Retention of Data Transfer Of Data Disclosure Of Data Business Transaction Disclosure for Law Enforcement Legal Requirements Security Of Data Your Data Protection Rights Under General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Service Providers Analytics Payments Links To Other Sites Children’s Privacy Changes To This Privacy Policy Contact Us\nDefinitions Service\nService is the https://arberiatheme.netlify.app/ website operated by Arberia Theme for Hugo\nPersonal Data\nPersonal Data means data about a living individual who can be identified from those data (or from those and other information either in our possession or likely to come into our possession).\nUsage Data\nUsage Data is data collected automatically either generated by the use of the Service or from the Service infrastructure itself (for example, the duration of a page visit).\nCookies\nCookies are small pieces of data stored on your device (computer or mobile device).\nData Controller\nData Controller means the natural or legal person who (either alone or jointly or in common with other persons) determines the purposes for which and the manner in which any personal information are, or are to be, processed.\nFor the purpose of this Privacy Policy, we are a Data Controller of your Personal Data.\nData Processors (or Service Providers)\nData Processor (or Service Provider) means any natural or legal person who processes the data on behalf of the Data Controller.\nWe may use the services of various Service Providers in order to process your data more effectively.\nData Subject (or User)\nData Subject is any living individual who is using our Service and is the subject of Personal Data.\nInformation Collection And Use We collect several different types of information for various purposes to provide and improve our Service to you.\nTypes of Data Collected Personal Data While using our Service, we may ask you to provide us with certain personally identifiable information that can be used to contact or identify you (“Personal Data”). 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This Usage Data may include information such as your computer’s Internet Protocol address (e.g. IP address), browser type, browser version, the pages of our Service that you visit, the time and date of your visit, the time spent on those pages, unique device identifiers and other diagnostic data.\nTracking Cookies Data We use cookies and similar tracking technologies to track the activity on our Service and hold certain information.\nCookies are files with small amount of data which may include an anonymous unique identifier. Cookies are sent to your browser from a website and stored on your device. Tracking technologies also used are beacons, tags, and scripts to collect and track information and to improve and analyze our Service.\nYou can instruct your browser to refuse all cookies or to indicate when a cookie is being sent. However, if you do not accept cookies, you may not be able to use some portions of our Service.\nExamples of Cookies we use:\nSession Cookies. 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We strongly advise you to review the Privacy Policy of every site you visit.\nWe have no control over and assume no responsibility for the content, privacy policies or practices of any third party sites or services.\nChildren’s Privacy Our Service does not address anyone under the age of 18 (“Children”).\nWe do not knowingly collect personally identifiable information from anyone under the age of 18. If you are a parent or guardian and you are aware that your Children has provided us with Personal Data, please contact us. If we become aware that we have collected Personal Data from children without verification of parental consent, we take steps to remove that information from our servers.\nChanges To This Privacy Policy We may update our Privacy Policy from time to time. We will notify you of any changes by posting the new Privacy Policy on this page.\nWe will let you know via email and/or a prominent notice on our Service, prior to the change becoming effective and update the “effective date” at the top of this Privacy Policy.\nYou are advised to review this Privacy Policy periodically for any changes. Changes to this Privacy Policy are effective when they are posted on this page.\nContact Us If you have any questions about this Privacy Policy, the practices of this site, or your dealings with this site, please contact us:\nArberia Theme for Hugo via Vattelapesca 1 City of Dev WORLD\nThis document was last updated on February 27, 2023.\n","description":"Insert description here. 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